They consist of a hard, abrasive composite material that allows for efficient material removal and surface preparation in a range of applications, from industrial machining to DIY projects.

1. Composition:

   • Abrasive Material: Commonly made from materials like aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, or diamond. Aluminum oxide is widely used for general purposes, while silicon carbide is ideal for harder materials like ceramics and glass. Diamond wheels are used for precision grinding and hard materials.
   • Bonding Agent: The abrasives are held together by a bonding agent, which can be vitrified (ceramic), resin, rubber, or metal, determining the wheel's strength and application.

2. Grit Sizes:

   • Grinding wheels are available in various grit sizes, which influence the finish and material removal rate:
     • Coarse (6-30 grit): For aggressive material removal and shaping.
     • Medium (30-60 grit): Suitable for general grinding and finishing.
     • Fine (60-120 grit): Ideal for finishing and polishing operations.

3. Types:

   • Vitrified Wheels: Made with a ceramic bond, offering excellent rigidity and durability for high-speed applications.
   • Resin-Bonded Wheels: Flexible and capable of reducing heat generation, making them suitable for precision grinding.
   • Metal-Bonded Wheels: Highly durable and used for grinding hard materials like carbide.
   • Diamond and CBN Wheels: Used for high-precision grinding applications, ideal for hard materials and specialty tasks.

4. Applications:

   • Metalworking: Used for grinding, sharpening tools, and finishing metal surfaces.
   • Construction: Effective for cutting and shaping concrete, masonry, and stone materials.
   • Woodworking: Used for sharpening and shaping tools, although less common than in metalworking.
   • Automotive: Employed for engine rebuilding and machining operations.

5. Advantages:

   • Efficiency: High material removal rates enable faster processing compared to manual methods.
   • Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of materials, including metals, ceramics, and composites.
   • Precision: Offers precise control over grinding processes, allowing for fine finishes and tight tolerances.
   • Durability: High-quality wheels can withstand demanding applications, reducing the frequency of replacements.

6. Challenges:

   • Heat Generation: Grinding can produce significant heat, leading to potential damage to the workpiece and reduced wheel life.
   • Wear and Tear: Grinding wheels wear down over time and need regular inspection and replacement.
   • Dust Production: Generates dust during use, requiring adequate ventilation and dust control measures.